Hand Painted Porcelain Ginger Jar
John Derian Company
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| The Tulip, with a virus causing the beautiful coloration, that is responsible for the first stock market and the phenomenon of a stock market bubble. The Saffron Crocus |
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| The black flower bulb that a ship's chef mistook for an onion, and cut it up for soup. He had to walk the plank for that mistake. |
The building is possibly Hartkamp or Versailles.
Hartekamp, or Hartecamp, is the name of a villa in Heemstede, North Holland, the Netherlands, on the Bennebroek border. It was once the Buitenplaats of George Clifford, who employed Carl Linnaeus in 1737 to write his Hortus Cliffortianus, a detailed description of the gardens of Hartecamp.
The house was built by Johan Hinloopen in 1693, who designed the basic garden and built the orangerie. It passed into Clifford's hands in 1709. The wings on either side of the main building were added after it left the Clifford family. The Clifford banking dynasty went bankrupt in 1772 and the estate went out of the family in 1788. The original editions of the Hortus Cliffortianus and other works of Linnaeus that were written there Musa Cliffortiana, Florens Hartekampi, and Prope Harlemum were sold at auction to generate funds for the Clifford estate.
At the time of Linnaeus' inventory, the garden had 1251 living plant species in the greenhouses, gardens and woods. A recent inventory in 2006 revealed 250 living species today that are all wild remains of the ancient garden.
REFERENCES
John Derian Botanicals (https://www.johnderian.com/)
- Wageningen Tulip Portal, an extensive collection of historical resources, including scanned images of 17th century Dutch tulip books and pamphlets, from Wageningen UR Library https://images.wur.nl/digital/collection/coll2
The Tulip Virus Pinterest
https://pin.it/6N8BiIs
The Tulip Virus
https://grassrootshorticulture.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-tulip-virus-book-review.html?m=1
Crocus
https://grassrootshorticulture.blogspot.com/2016/11/two-autumn-crocus.html?m=1
NICHOLAS TULP. Born Claes Pieterszoon, he was the son of a prosperous merchant active in civic affairs in Amsterdam. From 1611 to 1614 he studied medicine in Leiden. When he returned to Amsterdam he became a respected doctor and in 1617 he married Aagfe van der Voegh. An ambitious young man, he adopted the tulip as his heraldric emblem and changed his name to Nicolaes (a more proper version of the name Claes) Tulp. He began working in local politics as city treasurer, and in 1622, became a magistrate in Amsterdam. (Rembrant art)
Tulip mania
A tulip, known as "the Viceroy", displayed in a 1637 Dutch catalog. Its bulb cost between 3000 and 4200 florins depending on size. A skilled craftsman at the time earned about 300 florins a year.
Tulip mania or tulipomania (Dutch names include: tulpenmanie, tulpomanie, tulpenwoede, tulpengekte and bollengekte) was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed. At the peak of tulip mania, in February 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. It is generally considered the first recorded speculative bubble (or economic bubble), although some researchers have noted that the Kipper- und Wipperzeit episode in 1619–22, a Europe-wide chain of debasement of the metal content of coins to fund warfare, featured mania-like similarities to a bubble. The term "tulip mania" is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble (when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values).
Research on the tulip mania is difficult because of the limited data from the 1630s—much of which comes from biased and anti-speculative sources. Although these explanations are not generally accepted, some modern economists have proposed rational explanations, rather than a speculative mania, for the rise and fall in prices. For example, other flowers, such as the hyacinth, also had high prices on the flower's introduction, which then fell dramatically. The high prices may also have been driven by expectations of a parliamentary decree that contracts could be voided for a small cost—thus lowering the risk to buyers.
An allegory of tulip mania by Hendrik Gerritsz Pot, circa 1640. Flora, the goddess of flowers, is blown by the wind and rides with a tippler, money changers and the two-faced goddess Fortuna. They are followed by dissolute Haarlem weavers, on their way to destruction in the sea.
The tulip was introduced to Europe in the mid-16th century from the Ottoman Empire, and became very popular in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands). Tulip cultivation in the United Provinces is generally thought to have started in earnest around 1593 after the Flemish botanist Charles de l'Écluse had taken up a post at the University of Leiden and established the hortus academicus. There, he planted his collection of tulip bulbs—sent to him from Turkey by the Emperor's (Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor) ambassador to the Sultan, Ogier de Busbecq—which were able to tolerate the harsher conditions of the Low Countries, and it was shortly thereafter they began to grow in popularity.
The flower rapidly became a coveted luxury item and a status symbol, and a profusion of varieties followed. They were classified in groups; one-coloured tulips of red, yellow, or white were known as Couleren, but it was the multicoloured Rosen (red or pink on white background), Violetten (purple or lilac on white background), and, to a lesser extent, the Bizarden (red, brown or purple on yellow background) that were the most popular. These spectacular and highly sought-after tulip bulbs would grow flowers with vivid colors, lines, and flames on the petals, as a result, it is now understood, of being infected with a tulip-specific virus known as the "Tulip breaking virus", a type of mosaic virus.
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| Still-Life of Flowers Ambrosius Bosschaert (1573–1621) of the Dutch Golden Age |
Growers named their new varieties with exalted titles. Many early forms were prefixed Admirael ("admiral"), often combined with the growers' names—Admirael van der Eijck was perhaps the most highly regarded of about fifty so named. Generael ("general") was another prefix that found its way into the names of around thirty varieties. Later came varieties with even more superb names, derived from Alexander the Great or Scipio, or even "Admiral of Admirals" and "General of Generals". However, naming could be haphazard and varieties highly variable in quality.[18] Most of these varieties have now died out, though similar "broken" tulips continue in the trade.
Tulips grow from bulbs, and can be propagated through both seeds and buds. Seeds from a tulip will form a flowering bulb after 7–12 years. When a bulb grows into the flower, the original bulb will disappear, but a clone bulb forms in its place, as do several buds. Properly cultivated, these buds will become bulbs of their own. The mosaic virus spreads only through buds, not seeds, and so cultivating the most appealing varieties takes years. Propagation is greatly slowed down by the virus. Tulips bloom in April and May for only about a week, and the secondary buds appear shortly thereafter. Bulbs can be uprooted and moved about from June to September, and thus actual purchases (in the spot market) occurred during these months.
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| Anonymous 17th-century watercolor of the Semper Augustus, famous for being the most expensive tulip sold during tulip mania. |
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| Admirael van der Eijck from the 1637 catalog of P.Cos., sold for 1045 florins on February 5, 1637 |
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| Tulips painted by Hans Gillisz. Bollongier in 1639 |
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| Andries Daniels ( c. 1580 – after 1640) was a Flemish painter who was active in Antwerp during the first half of the 17th century. He is known for his flower still lifes and garland paintings, a genre of still life paintings that he helped develop in Antwerp |
Tulip mania Tulips
Admeraal de Man
Admerael Crintiens (Krijntjes)
Admeral Rotgans
Admirael Backer
Admirael Liefiens (Liefkens)
Admiral Catolijn
Admiral de Fransche
Admiral Golsien
Admiral Verijck (van der Eijck)
Asientier
beste ijurij (Iorij)
Blijenburgher
Branden-burgher
Bruine purper
Faber
gebiesd van Coornart
Gel en rot van Leijen
ghevlamde boterman
Gouda
Jan Ghertsen (Jan Gerrtsz)
Lagrandt (Legrandt)
Latoer
Lijon
manna cier
Max
Nieuwenburgher
Nons wit
Orangie Camelot
Otto de Man (Otter de Man)
Oudenerder
Pargoen Lifiens (Liefkens)
Petter
pocgher
Purper en wit Jeroen
Rector
Saijbloem
Schone Brabantson
Soomerschoon
Tarlon (Tourlongh)
Tulipa aga
Tulipa anassos
Tulipa sulph(urea)
Tullipa zescv sla (?)
Tulp uit saet of bellert
Tulpa IJslijf
Uyt Roepien
Viseroij
Wit en Rood Boode
(Coorenaert), drawing of an ear of wheat
(Parel) drawing of a pearl
(Roosje van Catolijn), drawing of roses
(Spinnekop) drawing of cobweb with three spiders
(vroege blijenburgher)
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| Admiral Backer |
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| Admiral de Fransche |
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| Admiral Golsien |
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| Admirael Liefiens (Liefkens) |
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| Admiral Rotgans |
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| Admiral Verijck (van der Eijck) |
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| Gel en Rot van Leijen |
Clara Peeters
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